If this post reads weirdly, it’s because I’m typing it as I dig.
Looking at in now, 15" Lenovos also seem to be out of your price range which is a shame (I’m annoyed that they hold such high prices). You’d have better luck finding a 17" than something robust. Though, nobody makes robust laptops anymore, just Lenovo and a couple of Dells, and they’re all stupidly expensive and designed to be used by field engineers who’re expected to go swimming in volcanos.
Dell
For 15" I’d straight up recommend a Dell XPS (I’m considering robustness here) with an i5, I’ve had mine for just over 2 years, and besides what W10 has done to it, it has been pretty much flawless (the bad RAM was an upgrade part that I bought). I would recommend one from a couple of models ago (9560 or 9570), because they should be much cheaper than the current one…that’s if you can find a brand new one though. With the current one you’re better off getting an Inspiron, it has the same hardware for the most part, it just isn’t built anywhere near as well.
Speaking of, the Inspiron 15 is a good choice. a 5000 or 7000 series would do you well, although, I’ve started looking at the German site and the 5000 series seems to be better value for money. The below one seems to be sensibly priced.
https://www.dell.com/de-de/shop/laptops-2-in-1-pcs/inspiron-15-5000/spd/inspiron-15-5593-laptop/cn59308
However, looking at it, the 17" with the same hardware only costs 50€ more and has a bigger screen (same resolution) and an optical drive (the one I linked in the last post).
If you’re willing to look like a bit of a spanner and spend a bit more (still within budget), the low end Dell G3 is a good option, yes it’s a gaming laptop, but it has better hardware than the Inspirons (but it is only a 15").
https://www.dell.com/de-de/shop/alle-laptop-und-desktop-pc-angebote/dell-g3-15/spd/g-series-15-3590-laptop/cn35931
HP
You can also find some not so bad HPs, but I can’t speak to their build quality, my guess would be plastic-y. The good thing is that HPs are everywhere, so you can walk into a tech shop and have a look and feel for yourself (obviously when the pandemic is over lol).
I would post links to laptops, but their site is broken AF, so gave up.
Screw it, I went the old school way with Ctrl F. 
For 17" I couldn’t find anything to beat that Dell, it was either the same hardware, but for more or less hardware for the same kind of price. Now that I’ve searched through the 15s as well, my advice would be to look for HPs in other places (don’t know what shops you have over there), their official prices are stupid. Look for anything that might compare to the Dell Inspirions.
The only thing I found was a gaming Pavilion which costs 50€ less than the Dell G3, it has a significantly better graphics card (which in your case means exactly nothing as you don’t even need one), but it has an AMD CPU. I’m not familiar with AMD’s stuff so I can only speak from benchmarks I’ve found online and they appear (on the surface at least) to be similar. The Dell has 1 extra USB-A port.
https://store.hp.com/GermanyStore/Merch/Product.aspx?id=8KT40EA&opt=ABD&sel=NTB
Acer and Asus
I’m not a fan of recommending these unless I absoloutely have to. They don’t have the best reputation here, but I’ve heard they’ve improved a lot over the years. So, consider these at your own risk.
Right, I just spent 30 mins digging through Acer’s site, all that’s on sale is nonsense and things that look good aren’t even available for purchase for some reason.
Seems to be the same sort of story with Asus, either outdated or too expensive.
Again, if you can, look for something similar to the Dells.
Apple
Nah, I’m just screwing with you. 
It seems that for your requirements, that 17" Dell will suit you. It’s not built like a tank, but again, very few laptops are. Other than that, it meets all the other points. The only problem I see with it is that it has a rather small battery.
(more allergies 
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